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Disease Profile

Hurler–Scheie syndrome

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

1-9 / 1 000 000

US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Infancy

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ICD-10

E76.0

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

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Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

Mucopolysaccharidosis Ih/s ; MPS1-HS; MPS1H/S;

Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Eye diseases; Heart Diseases;

Summary

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
orphanet

Orpha Number: 93476

Definition
Hurler-Scheie syndrome is the intermediate form of mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (MPS1; see this term) between the two extremes Hurler syndrome and Scheie syndrome (see these terms); it is a rare lysosomal storage disease, characterized by skeletal deformities and a delay in motor development.

Epidemiology
The prevalence of MPS I has been estimated at 1/100,000, with Hurler-Scheie syndrome accounting for 23% of cases or a prevalence of approximately 1/435,000.

Clinical description
Patients with Hurler-Scheie syndrome have normal or almost normal intelligence but exhibit various degrees of physical impairment. Patients present in the first years of life with musculoskeletal alterations to different degrees including short stature, multiple dysostosis, thoracic-lumbar kyphosis, progressive coarsening of the facial features to different degrees, cardiomyopathy and valvular abnormalities, neurosensorial hearing loss, enlarged tonsils and adenoids, and nasal secretion. Hydrocephaly can occur after the age of two. Corneal opacity is seen between two and four years of age and requires keratoplasty to restore sight. Other manifestations may include organomegaly, hernias and hirsutism.

Etiology
Hurler-Scheie syndrome is caused by mutations in the IDUA gene (4p16.3) leading to partial deficiency in the alpha-L-iduronidase enzyme and lysosomal accumulation of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate.

Diagnostic methods
Early diagnosis is difficult because the first clinical signs are not specific, but is very important to allow early treatment. Diagnosis is based on detection of increased urinary secretion of heparan and dermatan sulfate through 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) test and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) electrophoresis, and demonstration of enzymatic deficiency in leukocytes or fibroblasts. Genetic testing is available.

Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnoses include the milder and more severe forms of mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 (Scheie syndrome and Hurler syndrome respectively), mucopolysaccharidosis typeVI and mucopolysaccharidosis type II (see these terms).

Antenatal diagnosis
Antenatal diagnosis is possible by measurement of enzymatic activity in cultivated chorionic villus or amniocytes and by genetic testing if the disease-causing mutation is known.

Genetic counseling
Transmission is autosomal recessive. Genetic counseling is recommended.

Management and treatment
Management should be carried out by a multidisciplinary team and should include physiotherapy to maintain range of movement. Bone marrow or umbilical cord blood transplant has been successful and can preserve neurocognition, improve some aspects of the somatic disease and increase survival. However it is associated with many risks and most of the positive effects occur only if the procedure is performed in the first two years of life. The enzyme substitute (laronidase) obtained EU marketing authorization as an orphan drug in 2003. Given through weekly infusions it leads to improvement of lung function and joint mobility. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) should be started at diagnosis and may be beneficial in patients awaiting hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Early treatment slows the progression of the disease. In individual patients with MPS1 of intermediate severity, HSCT may be considered if there is a suitable donor. There are however no data on the efficacy of HSCT in patients with this form of the disease.

Prognosis
Life expectancy for Hurler-Scheie syndrome may be reduced, with death occurring before adolescence due to serious cardiovascular and respiratory complications.

Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources.

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
Abnormal heart valve morphology
0001654
Abnormal vertebral morphology
0003468
Abnormality of the tonsils
0100765
Coarse facial features
Coarse facial appearance
0000280
Corneal opacity
0007957
Hepatomegaly
Enlarged liver
0002240
Hernia
0100790
Limitation of joint mobility
Decreased joint mobility
Decreased mobility of joints
Limited joint mobility
Limited joint motion

[ more ]

0001376
Rhinitis
Nasal inflammation
0012384
Short stature
Decreased body height
Small stature

[ more ]

0004322
Skeletal dysplasia
0002652
Splenomegaly
Increased spleen size
0001744
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Abnormal nerve conduction velocity
0040129
Abnormal pyramidal sign
0007256
Sensorineural hearing impairment
0000407
Spinal canal stenosis
Narrow spinal canal
0003416
5%-29% of people have these symptoms
Cardiomyopathy
Disease of the heart muscle
0001638
Generalized hirsutism
Excessive hairiness over body
0002230
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Aortic regurgitation
0001659
Autosomal recessive inheritance
0000007
Depressed nasal bridge
Depressed bridge of nose
Flat bridge of nose
Flat nasal bridge
Flat, nasal bridge
Flattened nasal bridge
Low nasal bridge
Low nasal root

[ more ]

0005280
Dysostosis multiplex
0000943
Hirsutism
Excessive hairiness
0001007
Joint stiffness
Stiff joint
Stiff joints

[ more ]

0001387
Kyphosis
Hunched back
Round back

[ more ]

0002808
Micrognathia
Little lower jaw
Small jaw
Small lower jaw

[ more ]

0000347
Mitral regurgitation
0001653
Obstructive sleep apnea
0002870
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Increased blood pressure in blood vessels of lungs
0002092
Recurrent respiratory infections
Frequent respiratory infections
Multiple respiratory infections
respiratory infections, recurrent
Susceptibility to respiratory infections

[ more ]

0002205
Scoliosis
0002650
Thick vermilion border
Full lips
Increased volume of lip
Plump lips
Prominent lips
Thick lips

[ more ]

0012471
Thickened skin
Thick skin
0001072
Tracheal stenosis
Narrowing of windpipe
0002777
Umbilical hernia
0001537

Learn more

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

In-Depth Information

  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
  • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.